People will not incur costs to punish others to provide benefits to Thus, applying such models to theĮvolution of altruistic punishment leads to the prediction that That altruistic cooperation among nonrelatives is evolutionarily Societies, it creates an evolutionary puzzle: existing models suggest Punishment’’ may explain the high levels of cooperation in human Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.īoth laboratory and field data suggest that people punish noncooperatorsĮven in one-shot interactions. Third, following the current research tradition that goes beyond a valence-based approach, we differentiate between the negative emotions of anger and sadness and examine whether it is the specific emotion of anger that is relevant to the cognitive appraisal of unfairness or the general negative valence of the emotion. Second, this research explores the possibility of decoupling the emotion of anger from its antecedent appraisal of unfairness in order to attenuate responders' inclination to reject unfair offers. First, using appraisal theory of emotions, this research examines the extent to which the cognitive appraisal of unfairness leads to the emotion of anger, which in turn, drives punitive behavior (i.e., rejection of offers). Each individual human is seen as possessing altruistic and cheating tendencies, the expression of which is sensitive to developmental variables that were selected to set the tendencies at a balance ap.Īlthough previous research has demonstrated the importance of emotions in ultimatum bargaining, this research provides a more direct, convergent test of the role of anger in explaining rejections of unfair offers in ultimatum bargaining. Specifically, friendship, dislike, moralistic aggression, gratitude, sympathy, trust, suspicion, trustworthiness, aspects of guilt, and some forms of dishonesty and hypocrisy can be explained as important adaptations to regulate the altruistic system. Regarding human reciprocal altruism, it is shown that the details of the psychological system that regulates this altruism can be explained by the model. ![]() Three instances of altruistic behavior are discussed, the evolution of which the model can explain: (1) behavior involved in cleaning symbioses (2) warning cries in birds and (3) human reciprocal altruism. ![]() The model shows how selection can operate against the cheater (non-reciprocator) in the system. A model is presented to account for the natural selection of what is termed reciprocally altruistic behavior.
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